References
The studies and datasets behind the reference data on this site.
Avram et al. (Health eHeart) 2019
n = 66.8K Observational cohort study (mobile health)
Used for Resting Heart Rate
Blomkvist et al. 2017
n = 354 Cross-sectional community study
Used for Reaction Time
Bohannon & Williams Andrews (2011) 2011
n = 23.1K Descriptive meta-analysis of comfortable-pace walking speed
Used for Walking Speed
CCS Cooper Standards 2017
Academy scoring document (field application of Cooper Institute norms)
Cooper Institute (2013 Monograph) 2013
Normative reference (institutional booklet)
Used for 1.5-Mile Run (Cooper)300m Run (Cooper)Bench Press Ratio (Cooper DVR)Push-Ups (1-Min, Cooper)Sit-Ups (1-Min, Cooper)Vertical Jump (Cooper)
FRIEND Registry 2022
n = 7.8K Multi-centre registry
Used for VO2 Max
Fryar et al. (NHANES 2021-2023) 2025
n = 5.8K Cross-sectional nationally representative health survey, published reference tables (weighted percentile estimates)
Used for Mid-Upper Arm Circumference
Fryar et al. (NHANES) 2025
n = 5.9K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
Used for Body Mass Index (BMI)
Gellish et al. 2007
n = 908 Longitudinal cohort study
Used for Max Heart Rate
Gill 2020 2020
n = 2.4K Cross-sectional observational study
Used for Shoulder Abduction ROMShoulder External Rotation ROMShoulder Flexion ROM
Gulati et al. 2010
n = 5.4K Prospective cohort study
Used for Max Heart Rate
Hoffmann et al. (CHMS) 2019
n = 5.2K Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Sit-and-Reach
Hoffmann et al. (CHMS) 2019
n = 5.2K Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Vertical Jump
iGRIPS 2025
n = 2.4M Systematic review and meta-analysis
Used for Grip Strength
Kelly et al. (NHANES DXA) 2009
n = 32K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
Used for Body Fat Percentage
Kelly et al. 2009 (NHANES DXA) 2009
n = 15.3K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
Used for Appendicular Lean Mass Index (ALMI)Lean Mass Index (LMI)
Kolimechkov et al. 2019 (ALPHA-FIT) 2019
Interpolated normative reference study
Used for 4×10m Shuttle Run
Lee et al. 2020 (UK Biobank SMMI) 2020
n = 390.6K Cross-sectional population study
Used for Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (SMMI)
Mayhew et al. (CLSA) 2023
n = 25K Population-based cross-sectional (CLSA baseline 2011-2015)
Used for Single-Leg Balance
McBride 2026 (WBLT) 2026
n = 899 Cross-sectional, multi-country observational study
Used for Ankle Dorsiflexion (WBLT)
NHANES (CDC) — derived relative grip strength percentiles 2026
n = 9.9K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative); percentiles derived by FitnessNorms from CDC public microdata
Used for Relative Grip Strength
NHANES (CDC) — derived WHR percentiles 2026
n = 13.7K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative); percentiles derived by FitnessNorms from CDC public microdata
Used for Waist-to-Hip Ratio
NHANES (CDC) — derived WHtR percentiles 2026
n = 18.7K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative); percentiles derived by FitnessNorms from CDC public microdata
Used for Waist-to-Height Ratio
Payne et al. (CSEP-PATH) 2000
n = 571 Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Push-Ups
Quanjer et al. (GLI-2012) 2012
n = 97.8K Multi-centre cross-sectional reference study
Used for FEV1/FVC Ratio (Tiffeneau Index)FEV1 (Lung Function)
Ramirez-Velez et al. (Colombian WHtR) 2016
n = 83.2K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
RCTC LAWE Cooper Fitness Test 2018
Academy scoring document (field application of Cooper Institute norms)
Rikli & Jones (SFT) 1999
n = 7.2K Cross-sectional normative study
Used for 6-Minute Walk Test8-Foot Up-and-GoArm CurlBack Scratch TestChair Sit-and-Reach30-Second Chair Stand2-Minute Step Test
Santos et al. 2014 (FitnessGram) 2014
n = 22K Cross-sectional, nationally representative school-based study with LMS smoothing
Used for PACER (Beep Test)Back-Saver Sit-and-ReachCurl-Up (FitnessGram)Push-Ups
Svinoy et al. (2021) 2021
n = 5.4K Population-based cross-sectional study
Used for Timed Up and Go
Tanaka et al. 2001
n = 18.7K Meta-analysis and cross-sectional study
Used for Max Heart Rate
Tomkinson 2018 (Eurofit) 2018
Multi-country meta-analysis with LMS smoothing
Used for 10×5m Shuttle RunSit-and-ReachFlamingo BalancePlate TappingBent-Arm HangSit-Ups (30s)Grip Strength
Tomkinson et al. (FitBack) 2023
n = 1.3M Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Standing Broad Jump
Tomkinson et al. (International 20mSRT) 2017
n = 1.1M Cross-sectional normative study (systematic review and meta-analysis)
Used for PACER (Beep Test)
van den Hoek et al. 2024 (Powerlifting) 2024
Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of competition records
Used for Bench Press (1RM)Deadlift (1RM)Squat (1RM)
Wright et al. (NHANES 2001-2008) 2011
n = 19.9K Cross-sectional survey (NHANES)
Used for Diastolic Blood PressureSystolic Blood Pressure